1. Indirect speech

In der Wahlnacht spricht der Parteivorsitzende. Er sagt unter anderem: „Wir können stolz sein auf unseren Erfolg."

Ein Journalist berichtet. Der Parteivorsitzende sagte, dass sie stolz auf ihren Erfolg sein könnten.

In indirect speech, only the objective content of someone else’s statement is conveyed, often in an abbreviated form, for example: Speeches, documents, announcements, etc. are reproduced in indirect speech in a compressed form. The use of subjunctive 1 emphasizes that someone else’s words are being conveyed, that the speaker is distancing himself from the content of these statements.

a) 1. Indirect speech can be introduced using a conjunction dass. If the message is long, a subordinate clause with a conjunction dass usually only stands at the beginning.

2. In indirect speech, pronouns are replaced depending on the meaning of the statement. In this case, it is especially important to distinguish who is speaking, to whom the speech is addressed or about whom it is being spoken, and in some cases also who is conveying someone else’s speech.

b) 1. Emotionally charged appeals, spontaneous expressions, etc. usually fall out when transmitting speech.

2. For greater clarity, you can repeat names, add adverbs and verbs like bejahen, verneinen, ablehnen according to their meaning.

c) Adverbs of place or time also change according to the meaning.

d) Subjunctive 2 in indirect speech is preserved.

2. Indirect question

Er fragt: "Gehst du morgen zur Wahl?"

Er fragt, ob ich morgen zur Wahl ginge.

In indirect speech, the question is framed as a subordinate clause.

a) Questions without a question word are introduced by a conjunction ob.

b) Questions with a question word are attached to the main sentence using the same question word.

3. Indirect incentive (imperative of indirect speech)

“Reg dich doch bitte nicht so auf!”

Er bat mich (freundlich), ich möge mich nicht so aufregen.

Indirect motivation is conveyed using modal verbs.

a) A polite request is made using the verb mögen,

b) order or order - using the verb sollen.

Note
Urge in the third person singular or in the first person plural can also be expressed by subjunctive 1 forms:

Es lebe die Freiheit!
Damit sei die Sache vergessen!
Seen wir froh, dass alles vorbei ist!
Man nehme 15-20 Tropfen bei Bedarf und behalte die Flüssigkeit einige Zeit im Mund.
Man nehme ein Pfund Mehl, drei Eier und etwas Milch und verruhre das Ganze zu einem Teig.
Die Strecke b sei 7 cm. Man schlage von D aus einen Halbkreis über b.

Punctuation in indirect speech:

1. The colon (:) and quotation marks („...") are dropped in indirect speech. Instead, a busy (,) is placed before indirect speech.

2. Since the impulse, question, request is conveyed in the presentation, exclamation (!) and question marks (?) also appear.

Formation of conjunctiva 1

er fährt -> er fahre
er wird fahren -> er werde fahren
er fuhr -> er sei gefahren
er ist / war gefahren -> er sei gefahren
er sah -> er habe gesehen
er hat / hatte gesehen -> er habe gesehen

Subjunctive 1 has three tense forms: a) present form, b) future form (as well as assumptions), c) past form.

1. The same endings that are used are added to the base of the infinitive in the conjunctiva 2.

2. As a result, the following forms arise:




The forms in brackets coincide with the indicative. They are replaced by the corresponding forms of conjunctiva 2 so that they can be distinguished from each other. If the conjunctive 2 coincides with the preterite, we use it instead würde + infinitive. The following series of correspondences arise:




In word usage, this rule is not always followed. So, for example, the conjunctive 2 is used in both the second person singular and plural: du kämest, ihr kämet.

Note
In the second and third person singular present tense conjunctive I, the root vowel does not change, for example: indicative du gibst, er gibt; - subjunctive I: du gebest, er gebe.

Table of formation of conjunctiva 1 in the present tense

Subjunctive 1 in past tense

The past tense form is formed from verbs haben or sein And participles II:

ich sei gekommen
du sei(e)st gekommen
ich hätte geplant
du habest geplant

Indirect speech is a non-literal, mediated transmission of someone else’s (rarely earlier own) speech. The sign of indirect speech is the conjunctive. Indirect speech is opposed to direct, verbatim speech in the first person or verbatim quoted speech of another person. Usually the indirect clause is part of a subordinate clause that is associated with the main verbal verb.

Signs of indirect speech:

- verb or corresponding verbal noun of the main clause.

- introductory subordinating conjunction (introduced by the conjunction dass).

- has the form of a subordinate clause.

— change of person (pronouns change in meaning. In this case, you need to pay special attention to the following:

1) who speaks

2) to whom the appeal is directed or about whom the story is told

3) if necessary, who is responsible

- conjunctive

Appeals, exclamations, spontaneous speech patterns, as a rule, fall out.

Indirect speech uses Konjunktiv in all forms. They form the same interchangeable groups as in unreal comparative clauses.

Simultaneity – Präsens, Präteritum.

Antecedence – Perfect, Plusquamperfekt.

Subsequent action – Konditionalis 1 and Futur 1.

In indirect speech, tense forms lose their hypothetical meaning, so instead of the conjunctive, the indicative is often used. This happens in , other signs of referred speech are sufficient. Journalism, on the contrary, prefers the conjunctive, especially where it is necessary to separate the reporter’s speech from the quoted speech of other people (political news).

One form may appear instead of another if the conjunctive forms are ambiguous or ambiguous (i.e., the same as the indicative).

The conjunctive is preferred in the following cases:

- if indirect speech comes before the main sentence; due to the lack of a conjunction, not all signs of indirect speech are present. For example:

Er sei vierundzwanzig, sagte Kreß. “He’s 24 years old,” Kress said.

- if indirect speech constitutes an independent sentence; There are only two signs of indirect speech here. For example:

Er sei vierundzwanzig, sagte Kreß. Sein Fach sei die physikalische Chemie. (A. Seghers, Das siebte Kreuz.)

- if a verbal verb is missing and another verb takes its place. For example:

Georg wandte sich, plötzlich ganz heiter an seinen Gastgeber, wie alt er sei und von welchem ​​Fach. (A. Seghers, Das siebte Kreuz.)

- if indirect speech is included in a subordinate clause without a conjunction and has the word order of an independent clause. For example:

Er glaubte, die Verbindung sei unterbrochen.

- if the verb of the main clause is in the preterite. For example:

Bibliothekar Spengel erzählte mir von den unermüdlichen Anstrengungen, welche Staatsrat Dierkopf unternommen habe. (L.Feuchtwanger, Das Haus am Grünen Weg.)

A question in indirect speech has the form of a subordinate clause. In sentences without a question word, the conjunction ob is used. For example:

Er fragt: “Gehst du morgen zur Wahl?” - Er fragt, ob ich morgen zur Wahl ginge.

To convey questions with a question word, the same question word is used. For example:

Er fragt: “Wann gehst du zum Wahllokal?” - Er fragt, wann ich zum Wahllokal ginge.

The imperative mood is conveyed using modal verbs. For a polite form, mögen is used. For example:

“Reg dich doch bitte nicht so auf!” - Er bat mich, ich möge mich nicht so aufregen.

For a demand or order, sollen is used. For example:

“Hört jetzt endlich auf über das Wahlergebnis zu diskutieren!” — Er befahl uns (scharf), wir sollten aufhören, über dasWahlergebnis zu discutieren.

Someone else's speech, not necessarily conveyed verbatim, is called indirect speech.

Using indirect speech the following is conveyed:

• * spoken words are indirect speech in the proper sense of the word;
• * unexpressed thoughts and feelings - indirect speech in the broad sense of the word.

Indirect speech in language is formalized by two types of syntactic models: the model of a complex sentence and the model of a special type of independent sentence. The complex sentence model consists of a main clause introducing direct speech (Er sagt,...) and a subordinate clause containing indirect speech (da?er das Recht studiere).

Indirect speech can be conveyed by various kinds of subordinate clauses:

*subordinate clauses:

Es wird gesagt, yes? er das Recht studiere.

They say he is studying law.

In the German language, unlike the Russian language, indirect speech can be framed in the form of a special kind of non-conjunctive sentence. In this case, the conjunctive is the only sign of subordination, as well as indirect speech. Er sagte, er studiere das Recht.

In this type of subordinate clause, the conjugated part of the predicate verb comes in second place, as in an independent clause. Subordinate clauses of this kind can form “whole” sentences.

To convey indirect speech, as a rule, Prasens, Perfect and Futurum conjunctiva are used.

If the forms of the conjunctive coincide with the corresponding forms of the indicative mood, then instead of Prasens Konjunktiv, Imperfekt Konjunktiv is used, instead of Perfekt Konjunktiv - Plusquamperfekt Konjunktiv and instead of Futurum I Konjunktiv - Konditionalis I.

The forms of the conjunctive of indirect speech do not have the meaning of unreality and conjecture. They are used exclusively to convey indirect speech. An indirect question and an indirect order (request) can be conveyed in the form of indirect speech.

An indirect question is introduced either by a subordinating conjunction ob(indirect question without a question word), or interrogative pronominal adverbs.

An indirect command, as well as an indirect request, is most often conveyed by a non-union subordinate clause. The modal verbs sollen (command) and mogen (request) in the subjunctive form are used as predicates.

The conjunctive in German has a special function - the function of expressing indirect speech. The specificity of using the conjunctive in indirect speech is that in this case it does not have the modal meaning that is inherent in it in other functions. When formalizing indirect speech, the conjunctive does not indicate that what is being said does not exist in reality and relates to reality only as possible. A sentence containing someone else's speech and formalized by a conjunctive can have a completely real meaning; it can simply state a fact that takes place in reality. For example:

Er sagt, dass jener Student den Aussatz nicht geschrieben habe/hätte.

Thus, the forms of the conjunctive in indirect speech do not carry the function of characterizing the statement in terms of truth or falsity, reality or unreality.

The conjunctive is a grammatical means of expressing someone else's speech and serves to grammatically distinguish indirect speech from direct speech and indicates that the subject of the message is not reality itself, but someone else's statement about reality. In indirect speech, the conjunctive is used in its own relative meaning Abramov B.A. Theoretical grammar of the German language. M., 2009..

Expanded fragments of text with indirect speech, marked with conjunctive forms, are characteristic of the language of German newspapers, where they contain several paragraphs. But this also occurs in fiction. For example:

Peter schrieb gar nicht viel; er wunschte ihr Glück und erzahlte, dass er sich in seiner Schule arg dranhalten musse, um mitzukommen. Die meisten in seiner Klasse hätten ihm vieles voraus. Manchmal dächte er, Waldarbeiter - wie er fuher war - sei doch viel einfacher. Aber er musse schon pauken, sonst wurde sie - Christa - ihn gar nicht mehr ansehen, wenn sie Oberschülerin ware. Und das ware doch schlimm (Brezan);

Er nickte und erzahlte mir, dass er abends nicht mehr richtig ave. Seine Frau sei fast jeden Tag bei den Bekannten, die sie gefunden hatte, und kame immer erst spat nach Hause. Er sei froh, dass sie Unterhaltung habe, aber abends hatte er keine Lust, sich allein etwas zu essen zu machen. Er hatte auch nicht viel Hunger; er sei viel zu mude dazu (Remarque).

The conjunctive in indirect speech conveys the relation of precedence/non-precedence (if necessary, succession) Abramov B.A. Theoretical grammar of the German language. M., 2009..

Free variation in indirect speech of the forms of the present and preterital conjunctiva is not associated with any differences in their meaning; Most often, preterital forms of the conjunctiva replace the present ones when the latter coincide with the indicative forms. For example:

„ Tut mir leid, Fred “, sagte ich, wir hätten vorher etwas essen sollen (Remarque), where hatten essen sollen is used instead of haben essen sollen.

Sometimes the preterital conjunctive is used to convey by the addresser doubts about the truth of those ascending to the person - the source of the message. By resorting to preterital forms, the addresser seems to “distance himself” from the content of the message he is transmitting, emphasizing that he does not take responsibility for the truth of what is being stated. For example:

“Ich habe gehofft, ihr hättet nicht dran gedacht! Macht "s gnadig, Kinder!“ (Remarque).

Sentences containing indirect speech are adjacent in structure and in the nature of use of the conjunctive sentences, depending on the verbs of thought and feeling Moskalskaya O. I. Grammar of the German language (theoretical course) M., 1956., for example:

Aber Blumenthal meinte, es ware nicht nutig. Er sahe es schon…(Remarque).

A verb in the form of a conjunctive in indirect speech, as noted above, conveys an event that precedes, does not precede or follows in relation to the moment of speech of the person whose words are conveyed Moskalskaya O. I. Grammar of the German language (theoretical course) M., 1956..

The preceding event of the moment of speech of the person whose words are transmitted is expressed by the perfect or plusquaperfect conjunctive. For example:

Bei ihm fand die Polizei Armbanduhr, Ring und Ohrclips der Ermordeten, worьber Armbruster eine phantastische Geschichte erzählte: Er habe die Leiche hinter dem Gebüsch entdeckt und den Schmuck an sich genommen... (Spranger);

Ohne sie hätte ich mich nicht wieder gefangen, dachte er voll Dankbarkeit…(Spranger).

The simultaneity of an event with the moment of speech of the person whose words are transmitted is expressed by the present, as well as the preterite conjunctive, for example:

Er erklärte, man könne es gar nicht genug feiern (Remarque);

Ich suchte einen Busch Rosen bei ihm aus und sagte ihm, er möge sie gleich fortschicken (Remarque);

Er behauptete, es gäbe gleich eine intimere Atmosphère (Remarque).

The succession of an event to the moment of speech of the person whose words are transmitted is expressed by futurom 1 conjunctive and conditionalis 1. For example:

Er wollte sich erst noch etwas anderes anziehen, und ich sagte ihm, ich würde inzwischen unten am Bootsteig warten (Spranger);

Wenn Peter das Stück sehen würde, denke ich, es würde ihm Leid tun (Remarque).

The conjunctive and conditionalis are also used in German to formulate indirect speech and an indirect question. These forms indicate that the statement does not belong to the author, but to some other person. The use of the conjunctive in indirect speech is characteristic only of the German language, therefore the conjunctive and conditionalis are translated in this case into Russian by the indicative mood.

The conjunctive of indirect speech in German is used in subordinate clauses with the conjunction dass or in non-conjunctive clauses. The main clause that introduces indirect speech usually uses verbs such as:
• antworten (to answer),
• äußern sich (to speak out),
• behaupten (to affirm),
• berichten (to report),
• betonen (emphasize),
• erklären (explain, declare),
• erwähnen (to mention),
• erzählen (to tell),
• glauben (to believe),
• meinen (to think),
• melden, mitteilen (to report),
• sagen (to say)
• wiederholen (repeat).

Er sagt (behauptet, betont), dass schwarzer Kaffee schädlich sei.

He says (claims, emphasizes) that black coffee is harmful.

The subordinate clause can be used without a conjunction. In this case, it has the word order of an independent sentence:
• Er sagt, schwarzer Kaffee sei schädlich.

In subordinate clauses with the conjunction dass, the conjunctive is not required in German:
• Er sagt, dass schwarzer Kaffee schädlich ist.

In non-conjunctive subordinate clauses, the use of the conjunctive form to express indirect speech is mandatory.

In sentences that contain indirect speech, the German language uses all tense forms of the conjunctive, as well as conditionalis I and II.

When the time of actions in the main and subordinate clauses coincides, the present conjunctive is usually used:

If the action of a subordinate clause precedes the action of the main clause, then the perfect conjunctive is usually used:

If the action of the subordinate clause must occur later than the action of the main clause, then futurum I conjunctive and conditionalis I are used:

When the forms of the conjunctive and indicative coincide in indirect speech in German, the following is used:
• instead of present - preterite;
• instead of the perfect - plusquaperfect;
• instead of futurum I-conditionalis I.

Der Lehrer sagt (sagte), seine Schüler lernten gut.	The 3rd person plural present conjunctive of the verb lernen coincides with the corresponding indicative form, therefore the preterite conjunctive form is used. (The teacher says (said) that his students are studying well.)
Der Lehrer sagt (sagte), dass seine Schüler gut gelernt hätten.	The 3rd person plural of the perfect conjunctive of the verb lernen coincides with the corresponding form of the indicative, therefore the plusquaperfect conjunctive form is used. (The teacher says (said) that his students studied well.)
Die Schüler versprachen, sie würden fleißig lernen.	The 3rd person plural futuruma conjunctive of the verb lernen coincides with the corresponding indicative form, so the conditionalis form I is used. (The students promised to study well.)

Often in extended indirect speech, which consists of a number of seemingly independent sentences, the conjunctive is the only indicator that indirect speech is used here. When translating such extended passages with indirect speech from German into Russian, additional words are used, from which it would be clear that this is someone else’s speech, for example: “they say, write, in his words, in his opinion,” etc.:

Use of Konjunktiv and Konditionalis in an indirect question in German

The conjunctive and conditionalis in German are also used in indirect questions; they are translated into Russian in the same way as indirect speech, by the indicative mood. In this case, the main sentence uses the verbs fragen (to ask), prüfen (to check), überlegen (to consider), zweifeln (to doubt) and some others.

An indirect question in German can be introduced:
• union ob:

• any interrogative pronoun or pronominal adverb that is used as a connective word:

The rules for using temporary forms of the conjunctive, as well as conditionalis, are the same as in indirect speech.

Konjunktiv I - supposedly

Konjunktiv 1 has several types of usage (and therefore translation), but most often this mood expresses indirect speech(that is, the words of another person). For example, in news articles, when the author of the article - a journalist - conveys not his thoughts, but words, someone’s remarks, phrases of some politician, athlete, scientist, star, etc. So, indirect speech is the words of a third person. If in Russian for these purposes direct speech with quotation marks (quotations) or subordinate clauses with the conjunction “...that” (such as “... said that ...") is used, then in German it is used to express indirect speech including subjunctive mood of the verb - Konjunktiv 1:

Now let's look at education form Konjunktiv 1. So, Konjunktiv 1 (like Konjunktiv 2) has separate forms

Present (or future) tense - Präsens Konjunktiv And

Past tense - Perfect Konjunktiv.

Präsens Konjunktiv

Präsens Konjunktiv expresses the action of indirect speech in the present or future tense and is formed as follows: take infinitive stem and attribute it to it suffix "-e", and then follows personal ending(but we will only consider the 3rd person singular, where there is no personal ending):

Modal verbs in the Präsens Konjunktiv form:

Infinitive	Präsens Konjunktiv
können	er könne
durfen	er durfe
mussen	er müsse
sollen	er solle
wollen	er wolle
mögen	er möge

So, all verbs form Präsens Konjunktiv according to a single pattern: verb stem + “-e-”. And when conjugating a verb by person, you should definitely keep the suffix “-e”:

Ich mach+ e

Du mach+ e+st

Er /sie/es mach+ e

Ihr mach+ e+t

Sie/Sie machen

The conjugation of any verb in the Präsens Konjunktiv form can be found in the Conjugator - enter any verb and look for the table “Konjunktiv I”.

Let us remember that the form Präsens Konjunktiv expresses the action of indirect speech in the present or future tense.

Perfect Konjunktiv

Perfect Konjunktiv expresses the action of indirect speech in the past. For its education, it is useful to remember the topic Perfect. Perfekt Konjunktiv is formed quite simply: with the help of auxiliary verbs (haben / sein), which are in the form Präsens Konjunktiv (see above), and Partizip II (see topic “3 main verb forms”):

HABE/SEI + Partizip II

When to use “habe” and when to use “sei”, look in the grammar topic Perfekt.

That's all for the theoretical part. Now a little about use. The fact is that some forms of Konjunktiv 1 may coincide in appearance with Indikativ (indicative mood). If in appearance Konjunktiv 1 coincides with Indikativ (indicative mood), then it is necessary to borrow forms from:

- Entscheidend sei, dass die Nervenfasern in der Nase das ganze Leben lang wachsen und sich regenerieren könnten, erklärte Raisman dem Sender BBC.

Pay attention to the modal verb " könnten " It is in the Konjunktiv II form because in the Konjunktiv I form it is the same as the Indikativ (indicative). And there are many such examples.

When transforming direct speech (Indikativ) into indirect speech (Konjunktiv), it is necessary to pay attention not only to the verb, but also to pronouns, in particular to possessive pronouns, because they are also transformed:

- « Main Ziel ist, eine Etappe zu gewinnen", sagte Kittel. - Sein Ziel sei, eine Etappe zu gewinnen, sagte Kittel.

- "Es geht mir gut", sagte er. - Es gehe ihm gut, sagteer.