Types of journalism. Review or review

The specialty of journalism, like other professions, has its own characteristics. Here the specialist is faced with the problem of finding a topic and formatting it in text form. To correctly reflect reality and express one’s own thoughts, a journalist needs, first of all, perfect knowledge of the language and its modern norms, then the possession of literary talent, which allows one to “feel” words and intuitively distinguish their semantic features (and thanks to this, integrate them harmoniously into the text), and finally, knowledge of the basics of textual criticism, which will give an understanding of genres.

In this article we will look at the main genres of journalism that are typical for periodicals. However, this does not mean that they are irrelevant for television or radio journalism, because they are characterized by a common semantic basis and their main difference is only in their application: some will be published in publications, while others will be voiced by announcers or presenters.

Information genres of journalism

Let's start with a description of the most common media genres today - information. Modern conditions dictate an accelerated pace of life: a lot of events occur per unit of time that the public should know about, and it is this genre structure that can meet these requirements: turning on the TV, opening a newspaper or switching FM stations, we are sure to encounter a summary of short messages that meet to the main questions: “What?” "Who?" "Where?" "When?" "How?".

This group of genres is common in electronic media and periodicals. It predominates where daily publication or broadcast is required, so magazines published at infrequent intervals are not so rich in informational texts.

Main representatives:

• note;
• informational interview;
• information correspondence;
• reportage;
• information report;
• blitz survey.

The most common among them are reportage, note and correspondence.

Characteristic features for this group of genres:

• small volume;
• precision in expressions, lack of visual aids;
• lack of author's assessment of the covered event/phenomenon;
• factuality of description and content.

Analytical genres of journalism

This group of genres is represented by a variety of types. They are currently not so common for periodicals and television, but are completely atypical genres. However, there are specialized magazines and television programs devoted to the analysis of modern phenomena.

Main representatives of the genre:

• analytical report;
• analytical interview;
• analytical correspondence;
• conversation;
• monitoring;
• comment;
• article;
• review;
• review;
• journalistic investigation.

Such materials are among the most common. On television, in most cases, they are allocated evening time, and in periodicals entire sections are devoted. In fact, they are very valuable for journalism as a social phenomenon, since they provide the opportunity for the author to express his own opinion and open the world to a new perspective on ordinary things.

Characteristic features of this group of genres:

• presence of author's assessment;
• large volume of material;
• analytics;
• display of internal connections between events, phenomena and persons;
• prognostic assumptions.

Artistic and journalistic genres of journalism

This group of genres makes journalism and literature as close as possible. Mastering them testifies to the high level of skill of a journalist who is able not only to “obtain” information and analyze it, but also to present it in artistic form. These genres of journalism require a rich vocabulary, and most importantly, literary talent. Currently, they are not as widespread in periodicals, on television and radio as before, but they are still found in specialized programs and publications (mainly magazines). There is an opinion that real journalism does not exist in periodicals today, but we will not adhere to a pessimistic point of view.

Main representatives:

• essay;
• feuilleton;
• pamphlet;
• legend;
• joke.

So, the most striking representative of the genre is the essay, the features of which suggest the possibility of maximum disclosure of the journalist’s literary talent.

Genre characteristics:

• literariness;
• artistry (the presence of visual aids in the text);
• emotional intensity;
• deep understanding of reality (author's own).

The ease of mastering these genres of journalism depends more on the author’s literary talent than on his professional skills and perfect knowledge of the language.

Let's consider all the main types and genres of journalism. I’ll give a definition for each and provide some interesting examples as a supplement. The entire classification will follow Tertychny.

Genre is a type of artistic work characterized by certain plot and stylistic features. Let's just say it's a signal matching convention. Those signals that the author gives.

If, for example, we see that the genre is a novel, then we understand that there will be a fairly large volume of work. There will most likely be some adventures and a rich plot.

If we see that there is a family saga, then we understand that there will be a story about the life of some family. There will be many storylines. If this is a comedy, then we will be ready for various funny twists.

That is, the genre itself gives us some guidance on what to expect from a given work.

Genre is also a tool ( work form). Moreover, they can be mixed. And in fact, they exist very rarely in their pure form. It is much more difficult to find a report or note in its pure form than a certain mixture ( hybrid).

But to mix genres, we must own each of them in their purest form. Only after this can you experiment.

Genres in this sense still make it possible to evaluate works not from the point of view of artistic and literary value, but objectively. That is, the presence of certain signs in it.

Thus, we develop a criterion for evaluating the work. After all, evaluating a literary work based on whether it is liked or not is a very thankless task.

System of genres or types of journalism

Below you can see the classic system of genres or the main types of journalism:

• Information journalism
• Analytical journalism
• Artistic journalism

Each type has its own specific genres. We will look at them below.

Information genres of journalism

In the information genres of journalism, we provide only information. We do not make assessments and do not try to somehow comprehend this event. We're just talking about it.

• Note
• Reportage
• Interview
• Information report
• Blitz survey
• Question and answer
• Obituary

Note

is a small information message that contains regular news. A genre consists of a title, lead and text.

Example note

The title may contain the main idea of ​​the note. The lead is the subheading. It contains a brief description of the main text of the note. We answer the questions: what, where and when. When creating the main text, we answer the same questions, but in detail.

Information correspondence is an object, phenomenon, single event or action. It may include a factual description of the item ( what, where, when). As well as some elements of the author’s assessment, prescription or forecast.

Its purpose is to communicate some surface parameters of the displayed phenomenon.

In essence, correspondence is close to reporting, but it is never one. After all, the author is never present at the scene of the event. This is felt in the text.

Reportage

The reporting genre arises as a result of the extensive application of the observation method and careful recording of its results.

Example of a report

The author of this genre always tries to create the effect of presence by describing some details, moods, settings, and so on. When we read the report, we get the impression that we are in the thick of the event.

Information report

The information report is distinguished by its dry presentation of information. Clericalism is often used. This genre always has a specific subject.

Information report

Typically this is an event that takes place in the form of an exchange of information. For example, conferences, meetings, meetings or seminars.

If we see a dry description of a meeting or conference, we immediately understand that this is an informational report.

Informational interview

Formed in question-answer style. The material itself always contains an informational reason. That is, why they are talking to this particular person.

Genre informational interview

It can be seen that under the title there is first an informational occasion, then a question and an answer to it.

Blitz survey

In terms of the method of obtaining information, a blitz survey is a bit similar to an interview. The only difference is that in an interview many questions are asked to one person. And in a quick survey, many people are asked the same question.

Such a survey is usually accompanied by photographs of those being surveyed. The information is dedicated to a specific topic. The usual connection is also related to information.

Blitz survey

Here people of different genders, professions and ages are interviewed. In fact, this is what is reported in the survey.

Obituary

An obituary indicates the death of a person, as well as brief information about him. But attention is also paid to human achievements. What he did, what significance he had in society, and so on.

Obituary example

Analytical genres of journalism

• Comment
• Correspondence
• Article
• Journalistic investigation
• Analytical reports
• Analytical interview
• Analytical survey
• Conversation
• Sociological summary
• Questionnaire
• Monitoring
• Rating
• Review
• Review
• Media Review
• Forecast
• Version
• Experiment
• Letter
• Confession
• Recommendation (advice)
• Analytical press release

Analytical interview

An analytical interview contains an analysis of a fact and answers the questions: why? how? what does it mean? and so on.

Analytical interview

In the example, a socially significant problem is first introduced and then the tone for the analysis is set. Then comes the interview itself. It is devoted not so much to informational matters as to the opinion of an expert on the stated problem.

Review

Contains a critical review of works of fiction, science, art, and so on.

The goal is not simply to highlight this information phenomenon. It is necessary to analyze its meaning or culture in the environment for which it was released. It could be a play, a film, and so on.

Review

The example states what will be analyzed and who will analyze it. And then comes the analysis ( review).

Article

It is the main analytical genre. Here there is an in-depth analysis of current, socially significant processes, situations, phenomena and the patterns governing them.

Article

Subject analytics are created so that readers can continue to think about issues that interest them.

Article types:

1. General research— the author can talk about the directions of political and economic development of the country. Or he can talk about levels of morality. Analysis is often based on large problems.
2. Tactical-analytical- based on current, practical problems. For example, industry, agriculture, entrepreneurship and so on. That is, there are already minor problems here.
3. Polemical- This is a response to an already published article. These could be some political opponents, art critics who hold a different position.

Tactical and analytical article

Analytical report

The subjects for using an analytical report are various reports, conferences, meetings, and so on. It shows the relationship between conclusions and assessments in the speakers’ speeches and evaluates the performance of the event participants.

Analytical report

This is a kind of report-explanation or assessment of the causes, problem or some process.

Comment

With help, you can express your attitude to various events, create problems and tasks related to it.

Commentary as a genre of journalism

In this genre of journalism there is always an analysis of some phenomenon, much attention is paid to the main facts, their assessment and a forecast of the event are given. There must be a conclusion.

Analytical correspondence clarifies the causes of an event or phenomenon. Determines their value, gives a development forecast, and so on.

Analytical correspondence

Journalistic investigation

Investigative journalism includes elements of an article, correspondence and reporting. The subject is a socially significant topic.

Journalistic investigation

The causes and culprits of this event are determined. A search for a solution to the problem is underway. The author is directly involved in the investigation. This puts his audience at the center of the story too.

A comparison of facts is revealed, evidence is studied, the search for the perpetrators is underway, and so on.

Analytical survey

An analytical survey is very similar to an informational one in the form of an answer to a question. The only thing is that this genre contains elements of analytics. After all, the author also asks questions such as: what is the reason, how to explain it, why, and so on.

Analytical survey example

Very often this genre is used in socio-political and business publications.

Conversation

A conversation is similar to an interview. The difference is that the author can not only ask questions, but also build the content of the future text himself. This genre is good to use when the topic may not be immediately interpretable.

Example conversation

Sociological summary

A sociological summary publishes brief summaries of various social studies. The author can comment on these research data and publish them in different sequences.

Sociological summary

Questionnaire

The questionnaire helps journalists very well in collecting a variety of information. The survey asks many questions for a wide range of people. The result is a unique publication with certain features.

Questionnaire

Monitoring

Monitoring is tracking a phenomenon and measuring certain of its parameters. The subject is the specific characteristics of this phenomenon.

Monitoring

Rating

Example of a simple rating

This genre is very often used in various fields of activity. This could be a rating of politicians, business companies, athletes, musicians, and so on.

Review

The review clearly highlights the thoughts of the columnist and social events. The columnist creates interest among his audience and tells them about various events.

In this genre, certain events are observed and then analyzed.

Media Review

In media reviews, they study information and summarize the results of various literary publications, television and radio programs. Topics discussed in the press may be considered. The author can inform you about what other publications publish.

Forecast

Forecast

Version

The version consists of incomplete evidence. There are no specific conclusions here. Only the research method is observed in the form of conjectures and inventions.

Version

Experiment

Experiments in journalism are carried out for any reason. Here we are talking about a practical situation specially organized by a journalist.

Experiment

Letter

Writing to the media is a simpler form of publishing. Sometimes publications publish letters from readers to diversify the material.

This is how different opinions about certain situations arise. In addition, this helps readers feel their contribution to the development of the publication itself.

Letter

Letters from readers can be addressed to specific individuals, groups or the population of the country.

Confession

The subject of confession is the author's inner world. Here he explains some action, shares his experience, gives examples for overcoming adversity.

Confession

Recommendation ( advice) is information that contains ways to solve certain problems. As a rule, this genre of journalism is published in the form of instructions. Here the author explains why you need to do this and what it will give.

Recommendation example

Analytical press release

An analytical press release talks about the merits of a company or specialist. Qualities and advantages for a public audience are analyzed.

Sometimes various evidence is given that this company can successfully solve certain problems of society. Examples of successful activities are given as arguments.

Analytical press release

Artistic and journalistic genres of journalism

In artistic and journalistic genres of journalism, texts differ in that they have more means of expression. We no longer strive only to provide information. We can put it in some beautiful form:

• Reflections
• Observations
• Beautiful description and so on

• Essay
• Feuilleton
• Pamphlet
• Parody
• Satirical comment
• Life story
• Legend
• Epitaph
• Column

Essay

The essay is considered the king of artistic and journalistic genres. In terms of preparation and writing, this is the most difficult genre.

Journalism genre essay

The essay is based on reportage (visual-figurative) and research (analytical) principles.

Moreover, the expansion of this reportage principle is perceived as the predominance of the artistic method. At that time, the author’s emphasis on analyzing the subject of the image and identifying its interrelations acts as the dominance of the research, theoretical method.

Portrait sketch

The subject of the portrait sketch is the individual. Moreover, the character of the hero is given in some non-trivial situations. The trick is to show an ordinary person under unusual circumstances.

Portrait sketch

In the example, the informational occasion comes first. Then comes the description. It describes various situations where the personal qualities of the hero are highlighted. Kindness, help and so on.

This is the essence of a portrait sketch. Show how an ordinary person changes the fate of others.

Problem essay

The subject of the problem essay is a problem situation. This also occurs in analytical genres. Therefore, such an essay is often confused with an article.

The development of the problem in the essay is never presented in its bare form. That is, they are not shown through some statistical data, expert comments, charts, reports, and so on.

The problematic situation in such an essay is presented through a series of images that are interconnected. This could be a specific person in a problematic situation. Through him the development of this situation is shown. They are trying to find ways to solve this situation.

Travel essay

A travel essay is close to travel journalism (travel). It is based on some kind of adventurous plot or unusual adventure. Here is a description of a trip, trip or business trip.

Essay

Is a controversial genre. After all, analytical and journalistic features predominate in it. Therefore, it can be classified either as an artistic and journalistic genre, or as an analytical one.

An example of an essay as a genre of journalism

The example is about creating a carefully crafted image.

Column

Many people do not classify columns as a genre. They think it's just a spot on the strip. Yes, this is a third of a page of vertically arranged material under one author. It is believed that any genre can be within this band.

But some believe that this is still a separate genre. As a rule, the same person publishes in this place. So it is this genre-forming feature.

Feuilleton

The feuilleton ridiculed a certain evil. The genre is not very popular and very complex. Many feuilletonists make mistakes here. You should try to write in a clear and understandable language for the reader. Otherwise, such publications will simply go unnoticed.

Feuilleton

Pamphlet

The pamphlet ridicules various human vices and humiliates the evil hero. As a rule, this is small information of a political nature. That is, they make fun of various politicians and officials.

Pamphlet

Parody

Parody is the imitation or imitation of someone. For example, ridiculing and imitating the actions of a certain person. The creative style of certain artists, the behavior of certain politicians, and so on may be ridiculed.

An example of parody in journalism

Satirical comment

The satirical comment ridicules the phenomenon that attracted the author. Very often, various ridiculous actions of officials, politicians or stars are ridiculed. As a rule, their actions can cause a public outcry.

There may also be an informational occasion. For example, discussing what people say. First, a statement by a person is published, and then there is a comment from the author about this information.

Satirical comment

Life story

The difference from a mini-story is that there is completeness and richness of information. Various stories from people's lives are described here. For example, their actions or certain situations.

Life story

Legend

The legend uses fiction. But it can also contain a real historical fact. A legend can be tied to a specific place, person or event.

Example of a legend

Epitaph

An epitaph tells about a deceased person. But the main attention is not on the death of a person, but on his dignity. Here comes a kind of assessment of the deceased person.

Example of an epitaph

That's all!

Now you know what types and main genres there are in journalism. We also looked at their descriptions and examples.

The classification of journalism genres can be compared with. Back in the 4th century BC. e. the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, in his works “Rhetoric” and “Poetics,” divided literature into different types, based on the way in which real reality is reflected (for example, in drama it is a dialogue, in poetry it is a special type of lyrics, etc.). Following the traditions of art criticism and literary criticism, the theory of journalism explores the genres and types of journalistic works. The basis of this division is based on the huge number of types of human social activity, the great diversity of the surrounding reality and the creative potential of its reflection.

Any journalistic work is based on fact, i.e. on the accomplished event. Facts form the basis of information and have such properties as social significance, truthfulness, freshness, reliability and non-banality.

Researchers classify journalistic genres in different ways. In the most common of them, genres are divided into artistic and journalistic, analytical and informational. However, there are other ways: for example, the famous literary critic and teacher Lev Kroychik identifies the following types of journalistic texts:

• Research-figurative (these include essays and feuilletons)
• Research and news (this includes comments, correspondence and reviews)
• Research (this includes letters and articles)
• Operational research (this includes interviews, reports and reports)
• Operational news (this includes any notes)

According to Krojczyk, a genre is a special organizational form of life material, endowed with various structural and compositional features. At the same time, the Soviet and Russian historian Semyon Gurevich views this issue somewhat differently. He considers the genre as such to be a series of stable features of content and thematic characteristics, the type of reality displayed, stylistics and composition. Based on this, his division of journalism genres is also different. Gurevich highlights:

• Satirical genres
• Artistic and journalistic genres
• Epistolary genres
• Situational-analytical genres
• Dialogue genres
• Genres of news information

But let's return to the most common division into genres. The most popular in journalism are considered to be artistic and journalistic, analytical and informational. Artistic and journalistic works include pamphlets, feuilletons, lampoons, sketches, essays and sketches. In the analytical category one can name reviews, memoirs, ratings, conversations, reviews, letters, articles, comments. And among the information we note reports, obituaries, chronicles, reports, event interviews, notes and extended information on a particular topic.

Information genres convey objective information about phenomena, people and events to the public. The journalist here is a recorder of events, a source of data that cannot be obtained by the audience first-hand, an intermediary transmitting information in real time. But critical analysis and evaluation of information in this case fade into the background, because This task is performed by analytical genres. And artistic and journalistic genres allow a journalist to fully demonstrate his creative thinking and present his picture of the world. It would not be a mistake to add that the three genres mentioned above are what most people associate with journalism today. But its versatility is not limited to this - the genres of journalism are closely intertwined with its typology, so it also needs to be given some attention.

Typology of journalism

It is possible to differentiate between types of journalism only conditionally, because its support is public objective-true knowledge, which falls under the influence of social value norms. But these norms may differ in each specific society. In order to conduct a full analysis of the typology of journalism, it is necessary to identify its historically established sections, their mutual influence and periodization. Our course does not have such an objective (you can do your own research if you wish), so we will simply list the main types into which journalism is divided today.

Journalism happens:

• Religious
• Economic
• Civil (non-professional journalism)
• Multimedia
• Restaurant
• Scientific
• Sports
• Musical
• Bulvarnoy (“yellow press”)
• Corporate
• Business
• International
• Political

At the same time, investigative journalism, travel and gonzo journalism, as well as online journalism are also distinguished.

Any of the types involves the use of special methods. Taking into account the fact that the subject of journalism is public life in all its diversity, and the duty of a representative of the journalistic profession is to convey the truth to people and search for truth in controversial issues, the following help to achieve their goals:

• Dialogues that discuss current and important issues
• , allowing you to learn different points of view on the same issues and get closer to a true understanding of things
• Doubts that force you to look for arguments, reason soberly and look for the truth
• Criticism, through which the inner nature of things is explored and an objective interpretation of information is achieved
• Problematization, with the help of which specific problems are posed and their solutions are sought

When it comes to journalism, it automatically means the collection and creative processing of information received about social life, trends, news, etc. This information will subsequently be disseminated through the media. And depending on what technical means will be used to disseminate data, the direction of journalism is determined.

Directions of the journalist

In total, there are currently five main areas:

• Photojournalism
• TV journalism
• Radio journalism
• Periodicals
• Internet journalism

Let's look at the main differences between these areas.

Photojournalism

Photojournalism is a special branch of journalism where photographs are the main means of expressing information. Among the mandatory conditions of this direction are objectivity (photos must accurately reproduce events), chronology and sequence (photos must convey to the viewer the meaning of the events depicted in them).

TV journalism

Television journalism is recognized today as the most widespread and most powerful way of disseminating information. It has maximum impact on the public. It is distinguished by the possibility of parallel transmission of video footage, musical accompaniment, comments from the authors, as well as the possibility of using audio and video effects. There are inexhaustible opportunities here for journalistic creativity.

Radio journalism

Radio journalism involves the use of radio broadcasting media to disseminate information. The characteristic features of this direction are high efficiency and the specific nature of the emotional impact on the audience.

Periodicals

Periodicals are considered the oldest branch of journalism. In this case, information will be disseminated through printed materials, such as magazines, newspapers, specialized publications of any organizations, newsletters, etc. The task of any such publication is to inform (literary, artistic, scientific, socio-political, etc.) society. Also, periodicals form public opinion on a particular issue.

Internet journalism

Online journalism is the newest trend that began to spread about 20 years ago. Its specificity lies in the practically unlimited potential for any person who wants to test his strength in the field of a journalist, and the highest possible degree of efficiency.

The directions we have named can be either completely independent or complement each other, intertwined with each other. For example, periodicals often contain photographs, and Internet resources easily broadcast television channels and radio stations, etc.

It is also important that each era is characterized by its own trends, which means that over time, some genres and areas of journalism begin to prevail over others. If, for example, in the 90s of the last century there was a boom in television journalism with its high-profile scandals and investigations, now Internet journalism is gaining increasing momentum. And in order not to go against the trends of our time, we want to devote a separate block of the lesson to it.

Internet journalism

Internet journalism, as we have already said, is a new direction of journalism. It appeared at the very end of the 1990s, which is associated with the rapid development and widespread spread of the Internet. Thanks to the specifics of the World Wide Web, systematic information broadcasting to the general public began to be organized, which did not require the deployment of a special technical base. This allowed virtually anyone to be able to create media.

Online publications are both official and unofficial. And an online journalist working for one of these publications, in most cases, does not encounter in his work many of the attributes of traditional journalism, for example, printing, sound recording or television equipment, etc. However, the legal aspect for an online journalist is still important, because in fact, he is always responsible for what he publishes.

Closely related to online journalism is the individualization of journalism. The individual began to act as a producer and distributor of information, working outside of any external control. Thus, the blogosphere (the totality of all blogs as a community) became widespread, which is why even in scientific circles and the press the question began to be raised about whether blogs would displace traditional media.

At the moment, many people come to the conclusion that the blogosphere (which, by the way, can be called non-professional, civil or individual journalism) and professional journalism complement each other, because the disadvantages of one are more than compensated by the advantages of the other and vice versa.

Internet journalism, as a completely extraordinary and unusual phenomenon in the field of journalism in general, can be regarded as a new stage in its evolution. This can be clearly seen from such features as decentralization of the media, interactivity, rejection of monologue and transition to dialogue, etc. And if we continue to consider the development of journalism in this vein, another new direction, called Web 2.0, catches our eye. Actually, speaking about Internet journalism, it would be wrong not to mention it in principle.

Web 2.0

Web 2.0 refers to a methodology for designing systems that, by taking into account network interactions, become better the more people use them. An important nuance of Web 2.0 is the principle of attracting Internet users to fill out and repeatedly verify information material (information from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia).

The presented phrase was first used in 2004 by the publishing house O"Reilly Media, specializing in the field of information technology. But the above interpretation should be clarified: “becoming better” should be understood as “becoming denser,” since this means filling systems with information, but questions of their objectivity and reliability are not raised. By and large, Web 2.0 refers to services and projects that are actively developed and improved by the users themselves, and these are the same blogs, social networks, wiki projects, etc.

To define the essence of Web 2.0, it is quite suitable to define an integrated approach that makes it possible to organize, implement and support web resources. We invite you to familiarize yourself with just a few successful projects where Web 2.0 has proven itself to be excellent (you probably encounter them yourself almost every day):

• Wikipedia. Currently, this is a whole conglomerate of Internet resources, positioned, as a rule, as reference books and encyclopedias. This project is one of the largest databases on the Internet, offering almost everyone the opportunity to edit information posted on the site.
• Blogs. Another shining example of Web 2.0. The lion's share of content is created not by resource owners, but by the users themselves. For active and competent work, RSS and FOAF technologies are used, as well as tags that help give the content structure. FOAF gives users the ability to subscribe to news and content from friends, and today no Internet network functions without this technology. And RSS is a fairly simple but extremely effective tool for copying hypertext. In addition to blogs, it can be used to create news feeds.
• Exchange services. As in previous cases, they are filled in by users. Each person is given a place to store a wide variety of files. By the way, RSS and tags are used here too.
• Resources that use documentation in parallel. Users are offered the opportunity to conduct simultaneous and joint document flow - files can be created, edited and deleted, and this does not require any additional software.

Web 2.0 methodology also interacts with web applications. Every day, many such applications have analogues, and users are spared the need to install specialized software on their computers. In addition, using a web server is almost always cheaper than buying a similar program in the standard version.

Web 2.0 has a number of significant advantages. For example, traditional Internet services do not allow users to develop their activities. And Web 2.0 allows you to do this in relation to each specific resource. The interactivity of Web 2.0 resources gives people every opportunity for self-realization.

However, like any other technology, Web 2.0 also has its disadvantages. The main one is the “noise” of the Network, produced by a simply incredible number of unprofessional sites. The navigation and quality of such projects are far from ideal, which is why the concept of Web 3.0 was developed - high-quality services and content created by professional craftsmen based on Web 2.0. Despite this, the influence of Web 2.0 is increasingly expanding, and traditional Internet resources are gradually fading into the background.

The specifics and capabilities of both Web 2.0 itself and Internet journalism in general open up new horizons for work and professional achievements, but still online journalism remains journalism and is designed to influence mass consciousness and shape public opinion. This suggests that even in our time of rapid technological and information progress, a journalist can achieve the goals and objectives set for himself, albeit with the help of the limitless expanses of the Internet space, but still through long-established techniques, such as writing well-known articles , reports, press releases, interviews, etc. And, of course, all this is impossible without searching for information.

Almost all subsequent lessons will be practical in nature. The third lesson focuses specifically on searching for information and writing articles and reports. We'll cover working with sources, article structure and writing steps, and how to create your own journalistic report.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on completion. Please note that the questions are different each time and the options are mixed.

Genre is usually called stable forms or types of journalistic work, united by similar content and formal characteristics. In journalism there is an established system of genres. However, this does not imply that the genre palette is not updated. At various turning points in the development of society, new genres appear or a synthesis of existing ones occurs. The reason for this is the journalist’s desire to tell the viewer as deeply and comprehensively as possible about the issue being covered.

Information genres in journalism

Texts of information genres make up a large layer in journalistic creativity. These genres are characterized by efficiency, brevity, accuracy and clarity of information. Their purpose is to quickly report an event with some details. The group of information genres includes: report, informational interview, survey, reportage.

A note is the simplest form of responding to an event. Its peculiarity is precisely the brief presentation of the phenomenon.

A report is information coverage of events such as conferences, presentations, seminars, meetings, sessions, etc. The report must outline the main topics of the speeches and the reaction of the audience.

An interview, as an information genre, does not imply journalistic analysis of the interviewer's answers. The main task here is to obtain information without evaluating it. A survey is a similar way of obtaining information from an interviewer. But a journalist needs to get answers to questions not from one person, but from many people.

Reporting involves prompt coverage of an event either through the prism of a journalist's view or from the point of view of an eyewitness.

Specifics of analytical genres in journalism

Analytical genres provide broad and detailed coverage of facts with their assessment, generalization, and commentary. In this area of ​​journalism, it is important to review and interpret events. Analytical genres include: correspondence, article, review, investigation.

The genre of correspondence involves a detailed analysis of the situation. In this genre, the journalist reveals the patterns of reality based on the analysis of a specific event.

The review has a strictly defined subject of study. Basically, the objects of review are works of art, journalism, cultural events and objects, etc. The genre of review involves only an assessment of the event by the author, but not its analysis and the presentation of socially significant problems.

An article is a text in which a journalist explains the essence of various phenomena, identifies trends in the development of events, analyzes experience in solving any problems, and criticizes ineffective solutions.

A review may be similar in style to an article, but is intended to provide a panorama of events with examples and details.

The subject of a journalistic investigation is usually some blatant negative phenomenon. The purpose of the investigation is to identify the causes of this phenomenon.

Features of artistic and journalistic genres in journalism

Artistic and journalistic genres presuppose, first of all, the author's impression of the event. These genres include: essay, essay, feuilleton, pamphlet. Artistic and journalistic genres can be figurative and expressive in nature. They are quite complex to perform and require the journalist not only to be skilled, but also to have life experience.

If we talk about a profession, we mean journalism. If we talk about specialty, then we mean newspaper journalists, television journalists, radio journalists, news agency workers, online media journalists, etc.

Within the framework of specialties, specializations can be distinguished by type of activity within the genre: reporter, commentator, interviewer, investigator, etc. In addition, journalists usually specialize in a certain topic. This division is called profiling: a journalist who writes on political, economic, and sports topics, specializing in the field of culture, family, crime chronicles, and social life. Each of these types and types of journalists has its own specific features and is characterized by a stable system of knowledge, skills, and labor operations Svitich, L.G. Profession: journalist: textbook / L.G. Svitich. - M.: Aspect Press, 2003. - 25 p..

Reporter.

A reporter is a media employee, both full-time and freelance, who works on camera (TV) or on air (radio) and behind the scenes - in print or online publications. In journalism, it all starts with the reporter's work: editors can do their part only after the reporters have obtained the facts.

Reporters are required to recognize information that is interesting and useful to readers, to see facts that can form a potential story, to grasp connections between seemingly disparate data that are actually parts of the whole Mallet, Malcolm F. A Handbook for Journalists in Central and Eastern Europe: reference book / Ed.-comp. Malcolm F. Mallett; Per. from English I. Osadchey. ? M.: Human Rights, 1998. ? 4 s..

Promptness is key in this profession. The reporter does not just introduce the viewer to the news, but reports from the scene, being an eyewitness to what is happening and impartially informing about what is happening. Unlike columnists and commentators, reporters avoid assessing what is happening and indicating a position; this is not their prerogative.

Akram Hazam, the Moscow bureau chief of the Al-Jazeera TV channel, claims that the profession of a reporter? be on time everywhere.

Pyotr Lyubimov, presenter of the TV Center channel, characterizes the modern reporter as an unemotional, highly professional person in terms of television skills. This is a person who can impartially look at current events, not be afraid of emergency incidents, and show restraint in tough situations.

Commentator.

Is the person in the commentator position the author of comments regarding a specific area of ​​events? for example, social, political, sports.

The position of commentator is usually given to a professional journalist for whom the relevant field is an area of ​​specialization. Freelance experts in their respective fields of activity are often invited to provide comments.

The work of a sports commentator is similar to that of a reporter, because... leading genre here? report from a sports competition. The essence of a sports report is a description of what is happening directly at the scene of the event. However, a sports commentator must be able to supplement his story with other information. Zwick, V.L. Journalist with a microphone: textbook / V.L. Zvik. - M.: Publishing house MNEPU, 2000. - 40 p..

During a report, a sports commentator has no right to demonstrate his own likes and dislikes. He must remember that among the listeners there are adherents of both teams, and those and other athletes. Even if you have to talk about international competitions, when almost the entire audience is worried about their national team, about domestic athletes, you should remain objective in assessing performances.

Commentary makes it easier for the audience to develop their own opinions about current events or issues. It cannot be absolutely objective, since it conveys the author’s judgment. The commentator must convince the reader, viewer or listener, and this can be done not only thanks to the iron logic of the arguments, but also through a demonstrative manner of conversation, the special intonations of the narrator, if the commentator is a television and radio journalist Tsvik, V.L. Journalist with a microphone: textbook / V.L. Zvik. - M.: Publishing house MNEPU, 2000. - 47 p..

Reviewer.

A journalist-observer is engaged in analysis in a certain field of activity, is able to draw conclusions and predict processes.

The defining feature of the review genre? the unity of visual coverage of social events and the observer’s thoughts, deeply penetrating into the essence of the process and situation. What is the difference between this genre and other genres of journalism, what is its originality? This becomes clear in the course of defining the function and subject of review. Overlook? means to observe and think about what is noticed (but not at all to admire it). The review clearly reveals the position of the journalist.

The reviewer must:

· arouse the interest of the audience, tell them about events and processes occurring in public life;

· defend advanced points of view and contribute to improving the “personal strategy” of citizens;

· discover their essence in phenomena, show the contradictions of reality;

· through clarifying essential connections, determining the line of development of phenomena, and forecasting, comprehend the course of social development;

· contribute to the practical solution of problems of society Tertychny, A.A. Genres of periodical press: textbook / A.A. Tertychny. ? 2nd ed., rev. and additional ? M.: Aspect Press, 2002. ? 312 pp..

Editor.

The editor in the media performs a very important function: the editorial office and all journalists are directly subordinate to him.

He selects and places information of various kinds in his media, striving to achieve maximum information content and popularity of his publication. The editor also deals with text editing, stylistic or content. In his power? determining information policy, shaping the appearance of a publication or program, developing areas of activity, selecting employees and managing the creative team, arranging issues and issues. Editors of specific media departments? for example, sports or economic? are involved in coordinating the work of journalists in their unit and editing materials.

2.5 Interviewer Tertychny, A.A. Genres of periodical press: textbook / A.A. Tertychny. ? 2nd ed., rev. and additional ? M.: Aspect Press, 2002. ? 312 pp.

In the role of an interviewer, a journalist can only pose questions, and the interviewee answers them, who forms the main content of the publication or program, its character. The interviewer can only set the direction of the interviewee's thoughts.

The journalist-interlocutor is an equal, along with his partner in the communicative act, creator of the content of the future text. Therefore, the question-and-answer form of exchange of thoughts inherent in an interview in a conversation will correspond to the exchange of “equal”, equivalent remarks.

Does a real serious interviewer come up with new questions every time? based on who you are talking to and in what situation. Good question? disposable item Kuznetsov, G.V. This is how TV journalists work: textbook / G.V. Kuznetsov. ? M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2004. ? 400 s..

Being an interviewer requires patience and kindness. Main qualities: activity, sociability, sociability, ability to win over your interlocutor.

Investigative journalist.

The genre of investigative journalism itself involves a comprehensive and detailed study of some little-studied, closed or carefully hidden topic, in the process of working on which one has to overcome the reluctance of certain structures to provide the information of interest. Often investigations involve abuse of power and corruption. But a talented journalist will be able to create brilliant material outside of these frameworks, trying, for example, to find out why the beavers left the nearest lake.

The main difference between investigative journalism as a genre is, perhaps, that the author is not limited to stating the problem and its independent research. As a rule, he offers some possible answers to the questions that have arisen, conclusions that follow from the work he has done. Sometimes he may not even do this in open text, but the collected facts and comments on them will themselves push the reader or viewer to the correct conclusion.

Journalistic investigation? the task is extremely difficult and, sometimes, dangerous for an unprepared person. Even a luminary of crime journalism is not always up to the task if he has to act alone. But the results can exceed all expectations if a whole team gets down to business. It is then that full-scale collection of information, its competent processing and verification becomes possible Shum, Yu.A. Journalistic investigation: textbook / Yu.A. Noise. ? St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2008. ? 288 pp..

TV and radio presenter.

Discussions, round tables.

Discussion (from the Latin discussio - research, discussion, consideration) assumes that the process of development of thought around the subject under discussion occurs in front of television viewers and radio listeners and, thereby, activates the intellectual activity of the audience, including it in the process of searching for truth.

The preliminary work of a journalist in preparing a broadcast of this genre may be small, but the importance of such qualities as the ability to regulate the conversation, give the opportunity to speak out and stop the participants in time, and direct the general course of the discussion increases sharply. It is important that the conversation does not go into some narrow professional niche, but remains at a level that is interesting to the audience. In this case, the journalist plays the role of an intermediary between the interests of the audience and the specialists in the studio on a particular topic. An important place here is occupied by the journalist’s ability to improvise, since the course of the discussion cannot always be predicted Knyazev, A.A. Fundamentals of television journalism and television reporting: textbook / A.A. Knyazev. ? Bishkek: KRSU Publishing House, 2001. ? 160 s..

The most important principle: the leader of the discussion is not a participant and does not take the side of any of the interlocutors. Of course, he has the right to express doubt or question someone’s opinion - all this is a necessary arsenal for conducting a program. The personality of a host is often judged by how he behaves with high-ranking guests. A negative reaction from the audience is caused by both bad manners and rudeness, as well as flattering ingratiation. Of primary importance is the speed of reaction of the presenter, wit, friendliness, contact Kuznetsov, G.V. Television journalism: textbook / G.V. Kuznetsov, V.L. Tsvik, A.Ya. Yurovsky. ? M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2005. ? 368 pp. .

"Round tables"? a type of program in which a phenomenon or problem is discussed. The collision of different points of view in a conversation often leads to the evolution of the genre: the conversation develops into a discussion.

The task of a journalist? do not “lose the topic”, do not allow participants to wander away from the subject of the dispute, which can be outlined in a preliminary conversation, before the broadcast. There is always another danger - losing ardor and spontaneity, i.e. exactly what is a feature of the transfer of Kuznetsov, G.V. Television journalism: textbook / G.V. Kuznetsov, V.L. Tsvik, A.Ya. Yurovsky. ? M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2005. ? 368 pp..

Talk show.

The word "show" reminds us that conversation becomes a spectacle. The topic of a “talk show” can be a discussion of the preparation of a large city for winter or a competition of architectural projects, but more often scandalous topics that have agitated society are discussed.

To work on a talk show, it is not enough to have journalistic experience. To “keep” a large group, forming human characters, temperaments, and preferences into a single spectacle? special profession. This is a top class “mass entertainer”. Perhaps this job requires more acting than journalistic skills.

The work of a talented showman amazes with the breadth of the presenter's capabilities: his erudition, tact, goodwill, combined with a strong will and a clear understanding of the goal, should lead to the search for truth through dialogues and, thereby, have a huge spiritual impact on television viewers. In such programs, one can only guess how carefully the journalist prepared for these conversations, how he calculated possible answers to his questions and his line of behavior in spontaneously arising contradictory dialogues. A talented showman does not perform in front of his audience, he works within it. This is “aerobatics”, accessible only to a few Kuznetsov, G.V. Television journalism: textbook / G.V. Kuznetsov, V.L. Tsvik, A.Ya. Yurovsky. ? M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2005. ? 368 pp..

Information program.

A television journalist who starts out as a reporter on a news program may eventually occupy the highest position in the hierarchy of prestige as the presenter of such a program. Prestige comes from being on screen every day with the most important news of the day.

Essentially, the news anchor does the same thing as a newscaster: reads the lines running down the teleprompter. Improvisation in such cases is not encouraged, since sooner or later an annoying slip can lead to very sad consequences.

Strict scientific terminology is unusual for the presenter’s speech. Everyone understands that it was not the presenter himself who obtained the news, but his duty is to skillfully and tactfully present it. He is confident, but not self-confident, has clear diction and expressive intonations.

The presenter should be the personification of calm and stability. His television talent, intelligence and erudition should allow him not only to “save face” in any eventful political situations, no matter how complex and ambiguous they may be, but also to give viewers the confidence that they are receiving the most objective, the most truthful, the freshest , the most necessary information Kuznetsov, G.V. Television journalism: textbook / G.V. Kuznetsov, V.L. Tsvik, A.Ya. Yurovsky. ? M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2005. ? 368 pp..

Author's programs occupy a special place on television: this is a kind of product that cannot always find its consumer, despite the fact that each product has its own buyer. That is why work on such projects sometimes takes more than one year. Everything needs to be thought through to the smallest detail before the program goes on air. Any unfinished detail may turn out to be a weak link. Work on the author's program takes place in a team.

In order for a TV show to be successful, a certain “zest” is needed, a feature that distinguishes the program from others. It is necessary to achieve the favor of the TV viewer, then the program will have a future, and, accordingly, a certain circle of regular viewers.